4. "Light" approaches of interest to Internet providers/users

4.1 Instructional Design

A: Example: Gagné's Theory

1. Gain attention
   • e.g. present a good problem, a new situation, use a multimedia advertisement.

2. Describe the goal:
   • e.g. describe the goal of a lesson (task,...), state what students will be able to accomplish and how they will be able to use the knowledge, give a demonstration if appropriate.

3. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge
   • e.g. remind the student of prior knowledge relevant to the current lesson (facts, rules, procedures or skills). Show how knowledge is connected, provide the student with a framework that helps learning and remembering. Tests can be included.

4. Present the material to be learned
   • e.g. text, graphics, simulations, figures, pictures, sound, etc. e.g. follow a consistent presentation style, chunking of information (avoid memory overload, recall information)

5. Provide guidance for learning
   • e.g. presentation of content is different from instructions on how to learn. Should be simpler and easier that content. Use of different channel.

6. Elicit performance "practice"
   • let the learner do something with the newly acquired behavior, practice skills or apply knowledge

7. Provide informative feedback
   • show correctness of the trainee's response, analyze learner's behavior (or let him do it), maybe present a good (step-by-step) solution of the problem

8. Assess performance
   • test if the lesson has been learned. also give sometimes general progress information

9. Enhance retention and transfer:
   • inform the learner about similar problem situations, provide additional practice. Put the learner in a transfer situation. Maybe let the learner review the lesson.

B: A general "Courseware" view for Internet-based teaching:

Topics are:

• Courseware = optimize access to edu "information"
  • via an appropriate interface and structuring of the material

• implementation of instructional strategies,
  • i.e. sequencing of teaching materials

• implementation of instructional tactics, e.g.:
  • giving examples

  • multiple choice questions

  • asking the student to perform a task, etc.

  • telling what learning strategy to adopt with some material

• Learning material contains what has to be learned in a very broad sense (e.g. knowing what, knowing how).
  • It can be computational in various ways (exploratory hypertext, lesson & task oriented hypertext, simulation software, task solving environments, etc.)

A: - Example: Gagné's Theory

B: - A general "Courseware" view for Internet-based teaching:

Topics are:

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